The post-Cold War acceleration of globalization and the multilayered
consequences of the 9/11 terrorist attacks have had profound effects on borders. These borders create margins, through which administrative and military bureaucracies, NGOs, activists, and more-or-less organized criminals and terrorists operate, empirically and conceptually.

The evolution of information technologies has transformed the traditional “border
as a barrier” by enclosing people into groups with common identities and interests, dispersed throughout the globe but virtually connected.